Heat Capacity & Temperature Rise
Compute the heat energy needed to raise (or lower) a material's temperature: Q = m·c·ΔT. Specific-heat lookup from a curated material table (water, seawater, oil, mercury, air, steel, aluminum, copper, concrete, glass, wood, ice).
Limitations: Sensible heat ONLY — does not include phase change. To melt ice or boil water, ADD the latent heat term separately (water L_f = 334 kJ/kg, L_v = 2260 kJ/kg). Specific-heat values are at typical room conditions; real c varies with temperature and pressure.
What to do next: Useful for HVAC sizing, cooking-energy budgets, electric-kettle runtime checks, and process-engineering quick estimates. The kWh output is convenient for "how long with a 2 kW heater" follow-on math (kWh × time = power × time).